Information Security Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Data Security Management - Research Paper Example With this worry, the exploration paper means to examine programming instruments, accreditations, procedures and strategies that are at present considered as best practices with regards to dealing with the business coherence constituents of corporate information. In the cutting edge setting, associations are required to receive successful programming apparatuses and strategies alongside techniques for overseeing and putting away huge information viably. Directly, perhaps the best practice for the congruity of a business is seen to be the procedure of BCM, which can be utilized by the association (Campbell, 2012; FFIEC, 2003). In view of the above conversation, the differed constituents of the evaluation have been examined in the accompanying: Directly, extraordinary innovative gadgets are utilized with the point of overseeing data or information inside a specific association. It will be essential to make reference to in this comparative setting that huge enterprises with the utilization of various advancements can guarantee that important information is put away and scattered properly (Campbell, 2012; FFIEC, 2003). Remarkably, the executives of information involves various exercises that incorporate documentation, taking care of, capacity and arranging alongside investigation that help in protecting high caliber and dependable information. In this manner, associations overseeing information with the joining of the above examined exercises will be encouraged with the chance of guaranteeing that activities can be led as per hierarchical destinations (IJC, n.d.). In this quickly changing business condition, associations are frequently seen to confront the test of overseeing gigantic figure of information in an efficacious way. Inadequate administration of information may prompt the loss of significant data, which thusly can influence the general execution of an association (Protiviti Inc, 2013; Sikich, 2003). In this specific situation, associations actualizing the above talked about information the board methods and instruments are perceived to make

Corn Pone Opinions Essay

In Mark Twain’s paper â€Å"Corn ­Pone Opinions† he utilizes various methodologies to communicate his situation on how people’s activities and considerations are too much impacted by others. He changes the pronoun â€Å"I† to â€Å"we†. Twain does this by first clarifying his own feeling at that point tends to every other person as a synergistic gathering so as to help his point. He essentially expresses that individuals follow patterns whether they like them or not. He gives a couple of guides to help his point. The account that Twain employments of a youthful slave named Jerry that had such an ability for lecturing presents his contention in a fascinating manner. Twain conveys the possibility that men are comprised of society’s musings and suppositions. Twain feels that everybody will acknowledge the public’s sentiments just for the fulfillment of one’s â€Å"selfâ ­approval.† Twain communicates to the peruser that we as a whole it could be said penance our own uniqueness to be acknowledged by society. Corn Pone Opinions are the gathering of conviction with which we each join as an incautious mode to fit in, as Twain says, â€Å"the sense that moves to similarity accomplished the work. It is our tendency to conformí ¾ it is a power which very few can effectively resistí ¾ what is it’s seat, the natural necessity of selfâ ­approval.†

Blog Archive Beyond the MBA Classroom Random Walks at Chicago Booth

Blog Archive Beyond the MBA Classroom Random Walks at Chicago Booth When you select an MBA program, you are not just choosing your learning environment, but are also committing to becoming part of a community. Each Thursday, we offer a window into life “beyond the MBA classroom” at a top business school. Each year, Chicago Booth students can choose to take part in one of 26 trips abroad (and one domestic trip to Alaska), called “random walks,” as an orientation to the school and a way to kick-start their MBA social lives. Three to four second-year students organize these weeklong excursions, which take place toward the end of August each year. Because students organize these trips, they can become quite specializedâ€"two trips are offered to Belize, for example, one for singles and one for couples. In 2009, registration for these trips closed almost two weeks early because of overwhelming demand. Students who have their hearts set on a particular destination would be wise to sign up as early as possible. And students who have not set their sights on any particular destination can elect to join the “mystery trip,” for which students do not find out where they are going until they get to the airport. For in-depth descriptions of social and community activities at Chicago Booth and 13 other top MBA programs, check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Beyond the MBA Classroom University of Chicago (Booth)

Human Resources Project Management Article Review

Human Resources in Project Management Article Review Introduction The article chosen for this task is titled HRM Challenges in Transition to Project Management (Project-Based Organization). In HRM Challenges in Transition to Project Management (Project-Based Organization), Asta Stulgiene and Ruta Ciutiene give an analysis of the meaning and the purpose of human resource management. This paper reviews their article especially regarding their arguments on the concept of human resources, the project based organization main features and also the human resource management changes which are influenced by the movement heading to organizations which are project based. Summary This section consists of the article’s summary. Asta Stulgiene and Ruta Ciutiene have tried to develop the understanding of human resource management in organizations which are project-based whereas human resource management is a core in managing the relations between individual and their organizational framework. Their article tells us that the performance of organizations is a challenge which is changing the business environment over time. They state that Management by Projects has evolved into a powerful way of integrating organizational functions and also motivate groups in order to achieve higher productivity and performance levels. Asta Stulgiene and Ruta Ciutiene present this article in the form of an essay whereby they analyze and then evaluate theoretical findings regarding the trends of transitionShow MoreRelatedCritical Success Factors For Enterprise Resource Planning Implementation Success1740 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper is a critical review of the article â⠂¬ËœCritical Success Factors for Enterprise Resource Planning Implementation Success’ which was published in the ‘International Journal of Advances in Engineering Technology’. In this review, the article summary is presented first before an analysis of its structure. The critique of the article then follows, focusing on the author’s authority, the accuracy of the article as a source of information, the currency of the article, its relevance, objectivityRead MoreHow The Management Teams Should Be Given Power Limitations On Their Decision Choices For Their Employees1498 Words   |  6 Pageshow the management teams should be given power limitations on their decision choices for their employees. Economic Analysis for Managers Managers must perform an economic analysis of the industry to confirm how HR departments are operated with the competitions companies. The writer reviewed an article by Schmidt that provided data on the courier service industry. The data will be used to review the economic growth of the industry and its impact on the selected company. Schmidt’s article providesRead MoreProject Management And How Project Managers Deal With Managing Expectations Essay1254 Words   |  6 Pagesto the impact of impossible deadlines, and stakeholder engagement, but there were limited studies done on resource deprivation. The results of these studies vary in regards to the exact impact these things have on a successful project. The following literature reviews contains some of the studies I examined in order to address the problems between project management and how project managers’ deal with managing expectations. In 2013, Cioloca, Cecilia; Georgescu, Mihai; CurteanuRead MoreA Study On Refining Organizational Training Essay951 Words   |  4 PagesThis capstone literature review plan focuses on refining organizational training research, demonstrating an understanding of current organizational environment and limitations, and how the capstone project can fit in the global context of training. II. 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Garvin (2013) described a 2002 experiment where Google made theirRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management : A Deeper Understanding Of The Dominant And Minority Cultures Essay839 Words   |  4 PagesPedro Miguel Romero, F., Gonzalo Sà ¡nchez, G. (2013). Workforce diversity in strategic human reso urce management models. Cross Cultural Management, 20(1), 39-49. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13527601311296247 RQ How effective is workforce diversity without a deeper understanding of the dominant and minority cultures in human resource management? The article expounded on how strategic human resource management can get the most out of workforce diversity via the universalistic, contingent and configurationalRead MoreApplying Pert And Critical Path Method1181 Words   |  5 PagesAPPLYING PERT AND CRITICAL PATH METHOD IN EVENT MANAGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT 2. INTRODUCTION 3. METHODOLOGY 4. FIGURES 5. METHODOLOGY 6. CONCLUSION 7. REFERENCES LIST OF FIGURES 1. Representing the activities to be performed, the necessary time and its costs 2. Chart PERT representing the tasks between the time and costs of the organization trainer 3. The PERT chart representing the critical path, its cost and the total time of dance training. 4. Representing theRead MoreCase Study #3 - Risk Management on a Satellite Dvt Project1542 Words   |  7 PagesCASE STUDY 3: Risk Management on a Satellite Development Project ! ! ! CASE STUDY 3: RISK MANAGEMENT ON A SATELLITE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT L.D. PROFESSOR: DR. JUANITA MURRELL ! HRM 517 MANAGING HUMAN RESOURCE PROJECTS ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! JUNE 1, 2014 !1 CASE STUDY 3: Risk Management on a Satellite Development Project !2 ISSUES WITHOUT A RISK PLAN While project managers cannot prevent every potential risk that comes in their path, careful risk planningRead MoreEvaluating The Behavior Of Stakeholders And The Impact It Has On Failed Business Essay877 Words   |  4 Pagesfailed business. 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10 Essential Facts to Help You Understand Birds

Ingo money founder and his firm growth Example

Essays on Ingo money founder and his firm growth Admission/Application Essay Finance and Accounting After graduating as a finance and business it is advisable to look for jobs in young financial firms. The reason for this lies in the fact that young firms play a central role in job creation as they invest in innovation and the steady growth of its institutions. With such ambitions and postulation of future development and growth in business circles, new firms are in constant need of fresh minds and talents that can be easily sourced from graduating students. Owing to the recent advancement in technology and ever-changing market dynamics, many young financial firms are investing in a labor force that can adapt to these changes in a very responsive manner and hence give the fresh graduates higher chances of landing jobs. On the other hand, finding a job in such organizations gives an individual the opportunity to practice their professional careers and espouses advancement in their professional portfolio to higher occupational levels (Dane Paul 43). An already established firm provides very limited chances for employment and subsequent growth owing to the already established structures with a sufficiently experienced human resource. Such firms have minimal need for aggravated growth, development and expansion plans hence no bears no future for the young graduates (Dane Paul 43). One such firm in the financial business sector is Ingo Money, Inc.; a leading innovator in risk management, the management of funds in the form of mobile deposits and money transfer services. The founder of this company is Drew Edwards, whose main objective of setting up this organization was essential in filling a gap in the market domain by availing a convenient source of recurring funds for a wide array of payment platform that makes use of new digital payment. Drew founded the company about 12 years ago; before then, he was the chairman and chief executive officer of Towne Services, Inc. where he made remarkable contribution to the organization while employing an efficient leadership strategy. He has also served in different management positions with the Federal Reserve Bank and the Bankers Bank in Atlanta and skylight financial. Having worked in the banking industry for over a decade, Drew saw the need to provide a new platform for innovative minds in the market and came up with a solution through Ingo Money- the only technology solution of its kind in the market domain. Bruce Zagaris attributed Ingo Money to a viable business venture owing to the high positive feedback and reception in the market. The firm is performing exceedingly well as demonstrated by the millions of subscribers using their technology to access funds from bank branches, ATMs, mobile devices and alternative financial services. Owing to the feasibility aspect of the business venture as projected by the market trends, Ingo Money Inc. provides a perfect case example of a firm with a great potential and capacity to grow and be established at the helm of the industry for a long time to come (Zagaris 102). The organization has for a long time relied on creativity and innovation capabilities on its programs to remain relevant in the market (Roy Gayle 180). It is in essence an inevitable strategy for the firm owing to the dynamic nature of the industry. For this reason, the company needs to employ the services of fresh innovative minds to come up with new software programs that can be integrated into mobile applications to keep up with the new trends in the market. Graduates getting opportunities to work with such vibrant firms in the industry are guaranteed of sharpening their skills and gaining expansive technical and professional skills that are crucial in the course of gaining experience and establishing their careers (Roy Gayle 180). In summation, it is quite essential for graduates to be keen when selecting the firms that they would like to work for as this will determine how fast one is able to rise in the corporate ladder and be an accomplished profession in their various fields of specialty. The need to secure the right firm is even much higher for individuals in competitive fields such as finance and business as one stands the risk of stagnating in one position if they get themselves in uncompetitive, less vibrant firms in the business sector. Works cited Bruce, Zagaris. Handbook of International Management. London: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print. Dane, Stangier Paul, Kedrosky. Neutralism and Entrepreneurship: The Structural Dynamics of Startups, Young Firms and Job Creation. Retrieved on (September, 2010) from: http://www.unibg.it/dati/corsi/37027/50758-4.%20The%20structural%20dynamics%20of%20startups,%20young%20firms,%20and%20job%20creation.pdf Roy, Smith Gayle, DeLong. Global Banking. New York: Watson Sons, 2012. Print.

Marketing and Color Shampoo free essay sample

This is a class project about marketing plan of new product launched by any company. This project is presented in the course Global Marketing which is offered in MBA. In this project we have to present new product idea and complete marketing plan regarding that new product. 1 Product idea should be new and should not be related with any existing product already launched in the market. If idea is related with any existing product then it must be advanced and much different with that product. pic] 2 My new idea is   under the brand name of SUNSILK and the parent company is Pakistan. 3 Introduction: 4 The new concept is color shampoo under the brand name of SUNSILK which is already famous all over the world. This is the advanced form of shampoos and new feature add up in the shampoo which is coloring hairs as well as removing dandruff and cleaning hairs. 5 Color shampoo is a shampoo which has ability to color your hair every time when you use it. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing and Color Shampoo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is available in different colors and when you use different color shampoo every time it works. Shampoo has ability to clean your hair and remove dandruff but new SUNSILK color shampoo is not for removing dandruff or cleaning hairs but make hairs colorful.   shampoo is alternative of hair color tonic and it works simply. Just apply on your hairs like ordinary shampoo and feel your hair colorful. 7 2 UNILEVER Marketing Objectives: 3 Increase sales Every company has primary marketing objective and that is increase of its sales. Company is made for earning profit and with the help or maximizing sales high profit can be achieved. 4 Increase market share When you try to increase sales actually you try to find your new customers and increase your customer leads. It means you try to maximize your market share. 5 Expand into overseas’ markets 1 Unilever has marketing objective is to expand into overseas market. Unilever always try to operate in different countries. 6 Be socially responsible i. e. ethical 1 Being a part or society Unilever has objective to be responsible social ly . e. ethical. Ethics and common social values must be considered in Unilever’s marketing policies.

A Look At Puritanism Vs Deism Religion Essay Essays

A Look At Puritanism Vs Deism Religion Essay Essays A Look At Puritanism Vs Deism Religion Essay Paper A Look At Puritanism Vs Deism Religion Essay Paper In the 17th and 18th centuries, spiritual beliefs become the chief point of focal point in Europe and in the new universe. The first issues with faith trade with Catholicism and Protestantism ; British Catholics became wary of the way of Catholics motivations, so they decide to interrupt off into a new subdivision of Christianity: Protestantism. One of the new major subdivisions of Christianity is Puritanism which contains ties of Calvinism in its nucleus. Puritans make their ain regulations and make up ones mind to pattern Christianity the manner God intended: attempting to sublimate the Church. For Puritans, the Bible is the lone manner to pattern and its guidelines must be obeyed daily. Four cardinal beginnings track the lives and escapades of John Winthrop, Michael Wigglesworth, John Dane, and Mary Rowlandson. No other possible faith sprouted in people s heads until Boston bore a adult male named Benjamin Franklin in 1706 who challenges Puritanism wholly with his Deist beliefs. When Franklin turns nineteen, he publishes his religion to the universe in his Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain. These new ideas spread around the new universe and get down making a seed of uncertainty in people s caputs about their faith. In 1725, Benjamin Franklin promotes a new faith that is widely different from the traditional Puritan position based on his positions of God and the Universe. Section two of Ben Franklin s Dissertation discusses pleasance, hurting, and the absence of an hereafter. Section two explicitly provinces pain and pleasure balance each other out throughout life finally go forthing everything on an even keel: Pain is equally balanced by pleasance and hence there is no demand to conceive of an hereafter ( Franklin 27 ) . Franklin views decease as the terminal of the route with an absence of an hereafter. He says, Even if there is an hereafter, there could be no memory of earthly existenceaˆÂ ¦so it could do no difference to us ( Franklin 27 ) . This thought parallels his proposal depicting a babe s degree of consciousness ; Franklin believes babies are non witting of their ain being until the babe feels pain for the first clip. The edginess that babes experience is relative to the pleasance they feel every bit good. For case, if Franklin creates a expression of pleasance and hurting it would look as such: Pleasure + Pain = 0. Similar to equi librium, Franklin believes in pure balance: The Pain of Labour and Fatigue causes the Pleasure of Rest, equal to that Pain ( Franklin, 28 ) . Franklin tungsten raps up his statement by claiming every adult male and adult female experience an equal sum of pleasance and hurting so that in the hereafter, God is non required to do any other accommodations. Since there is balance, hereafter does non be or hold any important importance in world. Puritans, contrary to Franklin s positions, believe people are of course evil animals and necessitate to be guided by authorization. John Winthrop, a seventeenth century frequent incumbent governor of Massachusetts, declares that civil freedom is the most right autonomy under God. The first type of autonomy, natural, is evil by nature and incorrect under the eyes of God: The exercising and maintaining of this autonomy makes work forces turn more evil and in clip to be worse than brute beastsaˆÂ ¦This [ sort of autonomy ] is that great enemy of truth and peace ( Winthrop, 1 ) . Winthrop s positions of autonomy and Puritanism are evidently different from what Franklin believes. Franklin believes worlds are of course good and can make no evil when Winthrop believes people are born evil and need to be monitored. Winthrop says Puritans must follow civil autonomies because they are merely and what God intended. This autonomy symbolizes the compact between God and adult male in the m oral jurisprudence. Winthrop says specifically this autonomy comes from Jesus to do us free to idolize him: Such is the autonomy of the church under the authorization of Christ ( Winthrop, 1 ) . Puritans unrecorded and dice for the civil autonomies of Christ and genuinely believe in his powers to command us. John Dane in his narrative, A Declaration of Remarkable Providences in the Course of My life, exemplify and turn out the beliefs of all Puritans after he refuses the sexual comfort of a lady and gives the recognition to God: I thank God I neer yet knew [ sexually ] any but those two married womans God gave meaˆÂ ¦God taketh attention of us when we take no attention of ourselves ( Dane, 8 ) . In Dane s eyes, the civil autonomies of the settlement allowed him to avoid wickedness. This same illustration arises in Mary Rowlandson s narrative when she refuses an offering of baccy and raps herself on the dorsum: I thank God, he has now given me power over it ( Rowlandson, 18 ) . These illustrations show the important differences between Deists and Purists, for the Deists believe they can make good Acts of the Apostless themselves but the Purists believe God allowed them to make good workss and trials them. Another faithful Puritan, Michael Wigglesworth, known for his verse form about Hell, The Day of Doom, opposes Franklin s positions sing the absence of an hereafter and the ability to move morally. As described earlier, Franklin believes an hereafter is wholly false under the eyes of Deism. Franklin says an hereafter shall non even be considered because it makes no difference ; if our earthly experience will non be recalled the hereafter is merely irrelevant. However, Wigglesworth strongly believes in an hereafter. After reading the transition, he apparently merely cares to state everybody they are traveling to Hell someday: Traveling to Hell will be those who were non able to acquire or understand this offer of redemption ( Wigglesworth, 4 ) . Everyone who is non a Puritan or non predestined to Heaven is traveling to hell. He elaborates and specifies the hapless psyches: the mentally retarded will travel to Hell, Indians are destined for Hell, and eventually babes who are non pre destined for redemption will stop up in Hell. This transition reiterates the Puritan thought that people are born evil and can non alter based on their ain virtue. In this twenty-four hours and age, it is highly hard to convert person you are saved and most of the clip ends up really backlashing, converting the individual you are in fact condemned. The differences between Puritanism and Deism continue to originate throughout the journeys of two of import Puritans. Mary Rowlandson s narrative, A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, describes Mary s escapade through imprisonment with the Native Americans and how she believes God has chosen her for redemption wholly standing on the other side of the spectrum of Franklin. The Indians gaining control Mary and one of her kids and subsequently give her a Bible. She takes this as an act of God alternatively of merely a pure happenstance: I can non but take notice of the fantastic clemency of God to me in those afflictions, in directing me a Bible ( Rowlandson 17 ) . Where Deists believe these act by the Indians merely act to function a greater good in their persons lives, Puritans think God tests them and chooses them for redemption. Puritans believe persons destined for redemption must be battled tried, but Deists barely believe in an hereafter and decidedly believe the actions on Earth do non ensue in effect after decease. Rowlandson persuades herself to believe th ese are Acts of the Apostless of God by mentioning her brushs to specific tests in the Bible including her trip down the river: Psalm 137:1, By the rivers of Babylon, there we saw down, yeah, we wept when we remembered Zion ( Rowlandson 18 ) . In Rowlandson s head, God tests her and chooses her for redemption. This observation additions strength when Rowlandson quotes Hebrews and relates it to her life: Heb. Twelve 6, For whom the Lord loveth he chastened, and scourgeth every Son who he receiveth ; but now I see the Lord had his clip to scourge and chastise me ( Rowlandson, 20 ) . Unlike Deists, Rowlandson sees herself as evidently chosen to travel to Heaven familiarising herself with Winthrop, Dane, and Wigglesworth. John Dane, the concluding Puritan with a life altering narrative besides believes God tests him throughout his life to beef up his religion in Him, but one time once more contradicts Franklin s Deist beliefs. When Dane is a immature male child, he runs off from his house because he believes his male parent attempts to command him excessively much. However, as Dane fled his place, his ma said something that changes his life everlastingly, Travel where you will, God he will happen you out ( Dane, 7 ) . During this period in Dane s life, he does non see the Acts of the Apostless of God but alternatively sees the actions as his ain good psyche. A few hebdomads subsequently, a wasp stings Dane twice in the exact same topographic point in a hebdomad s period. As the WASP stings Dane, H2O and blood came out of it which represents Christ s actions in his head. Immediately, Dane remembers the words his female parent said to him as he ran off, so to Dane this as a mark from God. Finally, a Bible was on his parents tabular array at place and he opened it to a page that changed his religion: Come out from among them, touch no dirty thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people ( Dane, 11 ) . This quotation mark opposes the Deist point of position ; Deists do non utilize the Bible hence do non purchase into the prognostications told throughout the testament. Deists besides do non idolize contrary to the Puritans. However, Dane sees this as another mark from God to alter his religion and give himself to Christ. He eventually believes he can be saved. Finally, after measuring faithful Puritans and up and coming Deists, the differences between the two faiths stick out to readers. Obviously, Franklin has the desire to wholly interrupt away from the train of idea of the rigorous Puritans to make a more loose rational type of faith. The actions, words, and beliefs of Purists and Deists show the surmounting differences between the two faiths.

Continuing divisions between black and minority ethnic (BME) groups still remain a significant social concern, with themes such as the higher likelihood of socio economic deprivation The WritePass Journal

Continuing divisions between black and minority ethnic (BME) groups still remain a significant social concern, with themes such as the higher likelihood of socio economic deprivation Conclusion Continuing divisions between black and minority ethnic (BME) groups still remain a significant social concern, with themes such as the higher likelihood of socio economic deprivation IntroductionConclusionRelated Introduction Continuing divisions between black and minority ethnic (BME) groups still remain a significant social concern, with themes such as the higher likelihood of socio economic deprivation, lower levels of education and increase contact with the criminal justice system than their white counterparts still being highlighted (Bogg, 2010, pg66) It is also clear that these inequalities are inherent within the provision of mental health care services, with the Mental Health Act Commission (MHAC) reports   continuing to highlight the higher rates of detention for BME groups under section 136 of the Mental Health Act 1983 (MHA 1983) (Bogg, 2010). Racism has been argued to be a fundamental cause of inequalities in mental health care and racism within psychiatry derives from the traditions of the discipline, its history, ways of assessing and diagnosing, organisation and its involvement with the powers of state (Fernando, 2010, pg105). There are demonstrable differences in access to preventative care for majority and minority ethnic groups. This is partly because the structure of health services is often cast in the dominant culture’s mould (Bhui, 2002, pg 90). Racism in the provision of psychiatric services derives from the manner in which institutions are constructed and fashioned and the failure by most organisations to confront the inherent and historically determined racism (Fernando, 2010, pg105). Psychiatry, the doctrine concerned with disorders of the mind, is a western tradition developed in western cultures in conjunction with ideas surrounding race and power. The idea that BME groups had inferior brains or defective personalities was a common notion in the 19th century and these ideas were taken on board very easily and naturally by psychiatry and western psychology (Fernando, 2010, pg62). Historical perspectives illustrate the political and social motives which created the definitions of, and policies on mental health issues. The creation of mental health to support the social structure of the time can be best demonstrated by the case of draptomania, an ‘illness’ particular to slaves and whose classic symptom was the ‘irresistible urge to run away from the plantation (Ndegwa et al, 2003, pg90). This demonstrates the element of control issued through the ideas around mental health and the notion of inferior BME groups. Racism is still thought to expressed and felt today in the provision of mental health care and other public services. Research into the structures and organisations of mental health services identified systems of inequalities based on race and is known as institutional racism. In the investigation of Stephen Lawrences death institutional racism was defined as ‘the collective failure of an organisation to provide appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin. It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes and behaviours which amount to discrimination through unwitting prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness and racist stereotyping which disadvantage minority ethnic people (Macpherson, 1999). The report found institutional racism in many aspects of the Stephan Lawrence case, including the conduct of the investigation, the treatment of the family, the failure to recognize the murder as racially motivated and the lack of urgency and commitment in the investigation (Singh, 2007, pg363). Since the publication of the Macpherson report institutional racism has been declared to be a problem in the UK National Health Service (NHS). A significant development into the NHS, especially its mental health services being branded as institutionally racist is the inquiry into the death of David ‘Rocky’ Bennett. An inquiry team was set up to examine the care and treatment that Rocky Bennett received before he died after being restrained by up to five nurses (Athwal, 2004).   The inquiry report described the inequalities in mental health services faced by black and minority patients as ‘a festering abscess which is at present a blot upon the good name of the NHS (Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire Strategic Health Authority, (2003) and attributed these inequalities to institutional racism. It can, however, be problematic to use institutional racism to explain the circumstances of Bennett’s death. The failure to train staff in methods of safe restraint and prompt resuscitation cannot be seen as institutionally racist in itself unless some racist intention or process can be identified in this failure, since all patients could suffer as a consequence. However, if fears of black male patients’ inherent violence led to their being restrained more frequently and forcefully, then a racist effect could ensue. But in this case it is the assumption about black violence, rather than the failure in training that constitutes the racism in question. Furthermore assumptions about black violence are held by individuals rather than constituting a feature of the organisation (Bradby, 2010). In 2005, in response to increase awareness of racial discrimination in the psychiatric system, the Department of Health introduced its BME mental health programme through the National Institute for Mental Health in England (Coppock et al, 2010, pg114). The programme aims to improve the mental health care of all people of BME status including those of Irish or Mediterranean origin and east European migrants (DoH, 2005).   However, while this publication accepted most of the recommendation made by the inquiry into the death of Rocky Bennett’s death, it refuted the existence of institutional racism in mental health services. In doing so, it ignores the finding of the Macpherson Report. Such an approach fails to contextualize the various forms of direct and institutional racism in the wider society (Coppock et al, 2010, pg114). ‘Count Me In’ (2007) was a one day census of the NHS hospitals, private mental health hospitals, and learning disability units which contributed to the increasing evidence of ethnic differences in the treatment of mental illness (McKenzie et al, 2007). The survey of 32,023 inpatients on mental health wards in 238 NHS hospitals reported that 2 per cent of patients were from BME groups although they only represent 7 per cent of the population in the UK (MHAC, 2007). It is too simplistic and problematic to blame institutional racism for such a situation and whilst it is the case that Afro-Caribbean’s are over represented, other groups such as the Indian and Chinese communities are underrepresented. Such discrepancies indicate that there may be more to this than the issue of race and ethnicity (McLaughlin, 2007). Nevertheless, it has been argued that a lack of understanding of cultural diversity in the experience and expression of distress leads to the reinforcement of cultural stereotypes which can result in misdiagnosis and negligent care (Coppock et al, 2010, pg113). The Ritchie inquiry into the care and treatment of Christopher Clunis is another high profile inquiry that found the collective failures in psychiatry to an individual from a BME group (Singh, 2007).   Many shortcomings were recorded about the institutional racism that was identified, for example, Clunis’ first visit showed that the ‘opportunity for early diagnosis and possibly effective treatment was lost’ (Ritchie, 1994, pg14) to a desire by social workers ‘not to stigmatise a patient, or label him in any way as a violent or difficult person which was felt might work to his disadvantage’ (Ritchie, 1994, pg19). The enquiry made it clear that there was a tendency among staff repeatedly to ‘postpone decision or actions when difficultly was encountered or perhaps because the patient was threatening and intimidating, and possibly because he was big and black’ (Ritchie, 1994, pg107). This report, it has been argued, reveals institutional racism in practice and demonstrates the risks that many from BME groups face within psychiatry of not being given the correct diagnosis and not being treated assertively enough, simply because of their ethnicity (Singh, 2007). Accusations of institutional racism would appear to be well founded and disparities reflect the way health services offer specific treatments of care pathways according to racial group, and therefore seem to satisfy the well established and widely known definition (McKenzie et al, 2007). However, a closer look at the issue shows the reality to be more complex than it is often reported, and also highlights the danger of pathologising whole communities under the guise of therapeutic aid (McLaughlin, 2007).   The issues argued by Mckenzie and Bhui (2007) that presupposes that treatments are in reality offered on the basis of racial group disallows the possibility that ethnic differences might exist because of other societal factors, which may not be within the control of health services (Singh, 2007). More over it does not consider the possibility that care pathways are not always offered by health services but are sometimes chosen, and sometimes imposed upon patients by legal process es, outside the control of healthcare services (Singh, 2007). However, Mckenzie and Bhui argue that acknowledging the existence of institutional racism can lead to tackling the causes of these racial disparities. Delivering race equality may training may have some impact on disparities in involuntary admissions but because such admissions reflect the combined actions of the criminal justice system, social services and education, a strategy based in mental health services alone is unlikely to be sufficient (McKenzie et al, 2007). Institutional racism and oppressive practices have resulted in increased funding of research into the amount of mental illness amongst ethnic minorities. In the UK, the voluntary sector has emerged as a provider in response to the inflexibility of statutory services and has been charged with the responsibility to develop better services, while the statutory sector remains not only unattractive but aversive to BME service users (Bhui, 2002, pg139).   The strength of specialised services lies in the mandate from service users and the commitment of the voluntary sector and the practitioner’s interest in culturally competent mental health care provision (Bhui, 2003). In contrast, some argue that, whenever BME groups are the focus of discussion, it immediately focuses on the idea of the ‘separate’, ‘different’ and ‘them’ being not part of ‘us’ and therefore requiring ‘special’ attention, outside of the provision of mainstream services (Bhui, 2003). Rather than promoting the needs of BME service users, there is a danger that specialist services can marginalise people from minority ethnic communities even further (Lester et al, 2010, pg193). However, specialist services already exist and are now being adopted in statutory services engage those most disenfranchised by existing models of care. Existing services as a whole do not offer a system of care in which BME groups can expect to receive the least coercive treatment (Bhui, 2003). On the other hand, some commentators argue that the solution for the current problems in the provision of mental health care, must involve the mainstream of psychiatric practice rather than marginal initiatives that emphasise further segregation of minority needs (Bhui, 2003). Conclusion For many commentators, the way forward may actually require a dual approach; working inside mental health services to make them more appropriate for people from minority ethnic communities, while at the same time working outside public sector mental health services to build capacity within black and minority communities and the voluntary sector for dealing with mental ill health (Lester et al, 2010, pg193). To ensure that culturally sensitive services become a mainstream feature of mental health services rather than an optional extra, the majority of commentators emphasise the central importance of training (Lester et al, 2010, pg194). However, by focusing inappropriately on culture and ethnicity at the expense of sound clinical judgments, we risk offering poorer rather than better care to patients from minority ethnic groups (Singh, 2007).

Skin cancer ( Health Professional Practice 1) Article

Skin cancer ( Health Professional Practice 1) - Article Example Article-1: De Launey, J. (1996). The sun and the skin cancer. Current therapeutics, 30- 39. The article by De Launey (1996) provides and over view of the role of sun in the development of skin cancer. According to De Launey (1996), all forms of skin cancers are becoming significant causes of morbidity among human beings. There are basically 2 types of skin cancers and they are melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Non-melanoma skin cancers include Bowen's disease,actinic keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and keratoacanthoma. The author opines that the incidence of malignant melanoma is doubling every year and that even non-melanoma cancers are on rise and hence general practitioners must be aware of these types of cancer so that early recognition and prompt treatment is possible. According to the author, significant risks for malignant melanoma are sudden burning exposures especially in the first two decades of life. Thus, prevention of skin cancer is possibl e only through recognition of significant risk factors which include non-black skins and those living in areas of high sunlight exposure. prevention is mainly by limiting the number of hours of outdoor exposure and by wearing sun protective clothing and broad spectrum sunscreens 15 plus with skin protection factor containing UVA and UVB blockers. Along with these salient features, the author also describes individual types of cancer and their histopathological features. He also discussed clinical presentation, prognosis and treatment strategies. I strongly recommend that general practitioners and other health professionals must be aware of the types of skin cancers described in this article and various preventive measures that can be applied with assertion. Since protective factors are very essential during the first 2 decades of life, pediatricians must educate the parents of their patients about risks associated with sun exposure and strategies to prevent them. Article-2: De Herto g, S.A.E., Wensveen, C. A.H., Bastiens, M.T., et al. (2001). Relation Between Smoking and Skin Cancer. J Clin Oncol., 19, 231-238. The main purpose of study by De Hertog et al (2001) is to investigate, ascertain and evaluate the risk of skin cancer in those who are exposed to tobacco smoking. This study is in the wake of unknown risk estimates of cancer with tobacco smoking. The study is a hospital based case-control study in which patients with different types of skin cancers were put in the study group and those without cancer in the control group. Personal interviews were done and information about smoking history was collected. Based on relative risk estimation, it was evident that there does exist an association between smoking and squamous cell carcinoma and the risk was higher among current smokers. A dose-response relationship was found between the number of cigarettes or pipes smoked. Other forms of skin cancer were not associated with smoking. The authors concluded that sm oking is an independent risk factor for cutaneous squamous cell cancer. The authors discussed that smoke is a skin carcinogen and can affect the skin either locally or systemically. It contains several classes of compounds with demonstrated carcinogenic or cocarcinogenic activity, including nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, unsaturated aldehydes, and phenolic compounds. these can cause genetic mutations and contribute to development of cancer. in my opinion, this study provides

Characteristics of the Movie The Shinning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Characteristics of the Movie The Shinning - Essay Example The plot of the movie is setting the family in a haunted hotel in winter and then introducing the evil theme. This creates the best recipe for a horror movie (King 32). This paper analyzes the mise-en-scene characteristics of the movie, with emphasis on the frame, composition and design and proxemic patterns. The Frame The opening frame for the movie begins with a tracking shot of the ocean with surrounding mountains. This is a sign of an isolated area to depict confined large spaces away from the city surrounded by nature. The music gets faster parallel with the tracking shot, and slows down as the pace of the tracking shot slows. This creates nervous and uneasy feeling for the audience. There is suddenly an aerial shot of a vehicle driving, an effective camera shot as it makes the vehicle look isolated and small. The movie frame produces some aspect of denotation as the vehicle continues travelling until it approaches a blue, cold, white and grey area with a visible mansion over th e mountains (King 134). The scope and grace of the rest of the shots is hypnotic, but there is a moment prior to a low fly-by pass of a yellow car where the shadow of the helicopter capturing the scene becomes clearly visible in the lower right corner of the shot. The shots of the movie are fully academy aperture, with compositions and design for 1.85:1 purposely for projection in the theatre. The screens were marked and masked off with the ratio of 1.85:1. The helicopter shadow is visible in about four or five frames towards the edge of the masking at the 1.85:1 ratio (King 213). Composition and Design The set design and composition of the movie is epic. The movie incorporates contrasting between warm and cool colors in peak moments, including some major turning points. Lower contrast composition often precedes the heightened shots, subsequently developing some form of contrast between the shots. The interior of the movie feels mundane, yet so evil. The most dramatic weight of the film is the Overlook Hotel. The producer seems to create a perfect fusion between the interior and exterior shots. The producer uses violent color contrasts to heighten the audience’s unease feeling. One such key moment is when Grady ushers Jack into the washroom and urges him unsubtly to help his family. This scene is so intense that the audience may not notice the surrounding. The washrooms are full of stark artificial light, in sharp contrast to the ballroom with the boozy gold and warm (King 289). The pure white floor and ceiling in the washrooms accentuate the scary crimson walls. The composition and design of the movie is best highlighted at the manager’s room where Jack goes through an interview. The office is a typical 1970s office, with salmon-colored walls full with framed pictures. The office is completely different from the evil-looking washroom and the supernatural ballroom. From the set design of the office scene, it is evident that the designer took insp iration from actual hotel rooms in the American society. It seems that the producer built anomalies deliberately into the layout of the hotel to confuse the spatial awareness of the audience (King 325). A quick analysis of the plan view may reveal the drawing of the architects. The layout makes no sense, with hotel rooms open and straight onto balconies and internal windows with external light, as well as abrupt ends of the corridors. Proxemic Pattern Of the four proxemic

Organisational Change Models In Tesco

Organisational Change Models In Tesco Introduction: Tesco is one of the leading global retailers and the UKs biggest retailer as well as third largest grocery retailer in the world operating across Europe, North America and Asia. This business has been started by Jack Cohen in 1919 and he used to sell groceries from a stall in the East London. In 1929, the first Tesco store was opened in North London, Middlesex. Later on, it has expanded its business by a combination of acquisition of new stores, retail services by concerning the customers need and satisfaction. Now, it operates 4,331 stores throughout the world with more than 470,000 workers to meet the requirement of the modern market and it is not limited with its usual product range of grocery and general merchandise, it has diversified its business with electronic goods, clothing, banking and insurance services, telephone airtime and equipment. Tesco moves towards one stop shopping which means customers can get all their purchasing requirements from one place. Tesco has also expa nded its customer base through online with tesco.com and tesco.net website which attracts more than one million regular users. In this time, Tesco is one of the successful retailers in the world. Behind this progression, Tesco has changed accordingly time to time. In this context, it has undergone a technological change self checkout system. Tesco introduced this self check system as a trail on 5 March 2003 from East Dereham, Norfolk superstore. Later, it increases the no of self checkout system gradually from different store. From this self checkout system, customer allows to scan and pay for their shopping without any intervention from staff which helps to customer to save their shopping time. Tesco believes that it helps to increase the efficiency and speed up the shopping process as well as improve customer service. Although, the key aim of this change is to cut down the cost which allows the company to maximize the profit. This study will be examined how Tesco applied this change initiative and developed a change strategy, used change implementations models as well as analysed an organizational response to change and evaluated the impact of this particular change strategy. entifying a range of organisational change models or frame work. Organizational change is a deliberate attempt to improve organisational performance by changing one or more aspects of the organisation. Change may be successful when the appropriate change process is applied. For change process, there are a lots of change models and theories have been formulated by various experts and management gurus but for this particular change initiative of Tesco this study is identified some change models which are as follows. Lewins change model. Lewin developed three step model of planned change which explained how to initiate, manage, and stabilize the change process. This model defines three steps in the process of change management. Source: www.ic-pod.typepad.com Step 1- Unfreezing This step involves the organisation unfreezing existing attitudes and behaviour. Employees go through a process of unlearning old habits, old ideas and old perception how change will affect them. Step 2- Change This step involves a behavioural change. Employees modify their old ways and take on new ways of thinking about change how it should be implemented and how it can be positive rather than negative. Step 3- Refreezing The final step involves process of maintaining the momentum of change through locking in the changes, stabilising the situation, building relationships, consolidating the system, evaluation and support, preventing any going back to the old ways. Beckhard and harries model Organizational change occurs in a three stage cycle: present state, transition state and future state- Beckhard and Harris (1987). From above statement, we can conclude that this model focused on three state of change: present, transition and future. This model recommended that organizational change consists of an organization moving from a present state through transition to a desired future state. Present state refers to the current situation of an organization which contain organizations structure, process, people and external and internal environment. By analysing current situation organization can decide weather the organization wish to change or not. If the situation is stable, tranquil or satisfactory organization may be interested in change and identify new role, function or structure that it needs to adopt but it has not agreement or idea of a direction of change. Transition state consists to the structure, processes, people and environment of an organization as it undergoes change. The transition state is nearly turbulent and unsatisfactory level where existing structure and process that worked previous do not work well anymore and new structure and process deliberate to operate in future are not in place yet. Future state is the final destination of whole change process. It is the stage of that the structure process, people and environment are placed and an organizational change is completed. The organization achieved its desired future in this state. Change equation model Change equation model is based on mathematical presentation of change process which is developed by Gleicher and also called Gleichers change formula. In this model the multiplicative nature of change equation is: D ÃÆ'- V ÃÆ'- S > R Where, D= Dissatisfaction of current state quo V= Clarity of vision S= First step to be taken R= Resistance to change According to equation, change is only possible when the multiplication of D, V and S is excess the R. In other hand, the product of dissatisfaction (D) with the current situation, a vision (V) or positive picture of what is possible in the future and real, achievable first steps (S) people can take toward reaching the resistance to change (R). If any of these D, V or S is zero or near to zero the product of these three will zero or near to zero which means there is no resistance to. Applying a range of creative problem solving techniques to address change challenges Managing change is not an easy process and it is not always successful and arises with challenges. In terms of addressing those challenges (i. e. resistance to change), change manager can implement various creative problem solving techniques according to nature of change. Some of techniques which are implemented for this particular change process by Tesco are discussed below. Change path: Change path refers to the types of change which can be classified by extent of change required and speed of change that need to be undertaken for the require change outcome to delivered. There are four types of change revolutionary, evolutionary, adoption and reconstruction. The speed of change is about the way that change is implemented. It may be the gradually step by step change and one time big bang change. The context of change contains of transformation or alignment. Tesco has implemented this self checkout system step by step incrementally with time framework through evolutionary change to minimize resistance. It has brought this change as a trail in superstore later it gradually increases no of self checkout system in different stores. Evolutionary change Adoption change Revolutionary change Reconstruction changeTransformation Alignment Incremental Big bang Change start point: This is the where change initiated and developed. It may be the top to down or button to up approach. According to Food and Drink European.com on 6 March 2003, the strategic manager of Tesco Richard Dobb announced this self checkout system. As per this press release the change start point of this change is top down approach. In this change initial the readiness of change is low among the employee so the strategic manager decided to implement change initiative from top to down. Change style: A Change style is the management style of implementation of change. These change styles may be the collaborative, consultative, directive, coercive etc. These change styles can implement according to nature of change. To minimize the challenges (i. e. resistance by employees), Tesco has implemented collaboration style because this model focuses on extensive involvement of employees in terms of what is the change and how deliver the change needs. This approach works by creating pull and achieving commitments through getting people to invest in the change. The strategic manager involved employees in this change initiative through face to face meeting with focus groups. Change interventions: Change intervention includes technological intervention, political intervention cultural intervention and interpersonal intervention. Change roles: In order to manage this particular change Tesco formed specialist change team including strategic manager, human resource manager and IT director of Tesco and strategic manger Richard Dobb plays vital role in this change process. Identifying and justifying change solutions that link to organizational strategic plan. Basically, Tesco has been adopting growth strategy since its establishment time. It has a well established and consistent strategy for growth. According to corporate website of Tesco (www.tescoplc.com) its strategic plan is: The rationale for the strategy is to broaden the scope of business to enable it to deliver strong, sustainable long term growth by following customer into large expanding markets at home such as financial services, non- food and telecoms and new markets aboard, initially in Central Europe and Asia and more recently in the United States. Tesco is aiming to expand business aggressively. It wants to grow the core UK business, strength non food retailing, develop diversified retail service such as Tesco personal finance, telecoms and tesco.com. as well as putting community and environment in the centre point what it does and it wishes to stand as a successful international retailer. 2.1 Evaluating a range of change implementation models Implementing change is not an easy task because it is gone through various obstacles in order to get desire future destination. For implementing change initiative there are various change model such as Kotter change model, Action research model, Beer et al six step model, Balance score card, EFQM, IIP etc. However, this project examine Kotters change model for this self checkout change project. Kotters change model This model is developed by John Kotter and also known as 8 steps model of change. The key aspect of this model is change goes through a series of stages with considerable time framework. Skipping steps creates only the illusion of speed and never produces satisfactory results and making critical mistake in any phases can have a developing impact, slowing momentum and negating hard won again. Kotter describes the change process in 8 steps as follows. Create sense of urgency In this stage organization develops sense of urgency around need for change. Organization can feel need of change through examination of market and competitors situation. Furthermore, Organization identifies and discusses key opportunities and potential threats and develops the scenarios presenting what could be happen in the future. Form a power coalition team In this step, to cope with change efforts organization builds a team with enough power and authority and encourages team to work together. Create a clear vision In this step, organization generates a clear vision that is central to the change levers and develops strategies to execute that vision. Communicate the vision In this step, organization communicates the new change vision and strategies by using every possible ways and educates new behaviour using example of the guiding coalition team. Empower other to act on the vision This step describes about removing of barriers to change. Organization change the system and structure which challenges new vision and focus on risk bearing and new ideas, activities and actions. Create short-term wins Short terms wins are the foundation of what needs to be done in order to get long term change. In this step, Organization plans for visible performance improvements and creates those improvements. Furthermore, reward people who help to meet the targets. Consolidate improvements and producing still more change In this step organization analyzes what went right and what needs for improvement. To get further improvement organization revises systems, structures and policies that unsuitable for vision and employ encourage and develop employees who can contribute to implement vision. In addition it reinforces the change process with new project themes and change agents. Institutionalise the new approaches The final step focuses on assembling the achieved change into concrete shape. For this, organization builds alignment between new behaviour and corporate culture and develops means to ensure leadership development and succession to substitute key leaders of change. This model is easy to follow because this model breaks down the entire change process into small steps clearly and it focus on the acceptance and preparedness for change rather than change itself that helps to get easier transition. Another point is that it focuses on incremental change through step by step with requiring time framework and suitable for small organizational change too. Its only con is skipping the step results the complete change process fails. 2.2 Identifying the criteria to be select a change implementation model that supports organizational change. Tesco wanted to implement self checkout system in comparatively short time incrementally to minimise the resistance to change and to increase competitive power. In order to implement change initiative strategic manager has chosen Kotters change model because the change initiative has to implement relatively in short time incrementally. Moreover, this change initiative contains small technological change and this change model is appropriate for small change too. Tesco has implemented change initiative as follows. Create sense of urgency After analyzing competitor, Tesco felt that it has to increase competitive power and improve customer service to stand as a market leader. Consequently it looked new technology that can reduce cost and improve customer service because technology is developing rapidly. In 2002 Market and Spencer brought new technology self checkout system it was closely observed by Tesco. So Tesco decided to adopt self checkout system as a change project. Form a power coalition team It formed group including area manager, supervisor and representative of trade union with enough power and authority to make the change relevant. Create a clear vision The new vision of company is: Be competitive, provide the best customer service and incorporate technology. Communicate the vision To communicate vision, the team used companys website and cascaded message through area manager to supervisor and supervisor conducted meeting with other staff to talk about what the goals mean. Empower other to act on vision Change manger conduct education and training programme to teach the benefit of self check out system in order to overcome from obstacle. Special education session has been provided to employees who was creating obstacle to go ahead. Company announced rewards to staff from each store that helped to move forward to make the aims real. Create short-term wins After the succession of trail project, Tesco put report on website and articles have been published in news. Consolidate improvements and producing still more change Institutionalise the new approaches 3.1 Demonstrating the use of analytical tools to monitor the change progress and the effect of change The change affected the employees both ways positively and negatively in terms of experiencing change and changing behaviour and these change effects are analysed and monitored through survey, meeting, interviews and seminar. To find out perception of employees regarding effect of change the strategic manager decided to conduct a survey and it was found that most of employees are in fear of job loss because they though that self scan system replace their job. Some of were happy about that they get extra time to chat with customer. Some of were excited to learn new technology and they feel it is great opportunity for them. Some of were scared about the new technology what it really do. Some of were worried about changing position and work store because technology friendly colleagues were replaced their position. In order to study change related dysfunctions meetings were organized with area manager. It was conquered that people were in some pressure that they did not want to adopt this change because of job loss, changing position and work store, new technology. Interviews were conducted with the employees who expressed their reservations about the self checkout system. Change team promised to employees that no one lose job, it does not affect the position of any staff and they give effective training programme to be technology friendly. To measure the progress monthly seminar were conducted. During these seminars many staff showed great deal of eagerness as they were keen to learn about self checkout system and most of staff showed willingness to move forward with this change. 3.2 Assessing monitoring and measurement techniques to change with in organization 3.3 Analysis strategies to minimise adverse effect of change Change leader decided to follow Kotter and Schlesinger model in order to overcome resistance to change. This model contains six approach education and communication, participation and involvement, facilitation and support, negotiation and agreement, manipulation and co-option and explicit and implicit coercion. In the phase of education and communication, the change team communicated the benefits of self checkout system and its necessity to company. They convinced employees that self checkout system wont be the cause of any job loss and changing position and employees can get extra time to chat with customer by giving example of Market and Spencer and work store and they offered comprehensive training programme for all staff. After this step some of employees again abused to move further so the change leader decided to involve the team leader of resistance group in change team. However, some of employee who are relatively mature again created obstacle to go ahead. The change team conducted special training and counselling programme for these employees. The change team also promised that they will give monetary reward if the change is completed. Thus the change team have overcome resistance to change to move further. 4.1 Identifying the process to review the impact of the change. 4.2 Analysing the results of the impact of review To analyse the results of the impact of review there is two approaches quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative approach is phenomena which independently observable and measurable.

Macbeth - Evil And Darkness :: essays research papers

The play "Macbeth" by Shakespeare is jam-packed with malfeasance and darkness. All actions taken by Macbeth, his wife, Lady Macbeth, the witches and Hecate have immoral intentions and/or evil outcomes. An example of such is Lady Macbeth’s dark intentions to quicken Macbeth’s crowning, fuelled Macbeth’s "vaulting ambition[s]" (Act 1 scene 7 line 27) to murder anyone or anything that stood in his path of a long reign. Shakespeare often uses darkness and will frequently set the scene as a dark and stormy night. This depicts that evil happenings are occurring or are about to take place. There are at least three examples of this in "Macbeth". "The night has been unruly: where we lay,/Our chimneys were blown down; and, as they say,/Lamentings heard i’ the air; strange screams of death,..." (Act 2 scene 3 line 54-56). "Three score and ten I can remember well;/Within the volume of which time I have seen/Hours of dreadful and things strange, but this sore night/Hath trifled former knowings." (Act 2 scene 4 line 1-4). Both these quotes are talking about the night of Duncan’s death. They are showing the comparisons between the natural unruliness and the anomalous disaster. "And yet dark night strangles the travelling lamp." (Act 2 scene 4 line 7) is a metaphor for both the murder of Duncan and the night in which it transpired. A dark and stormy image is also portrayed when pernicious characters (ie. the witches, Macbeth and the murderers) meet. The witches play a very important role in "Macbeth", as they initiate the evil plot. Even from the prologue we can see the witches are evil. "Fair is foul, and foul is fair:" (Act 1 scene 1 line 11). They uphold their evil status throughout the play although their power is not fully demonstrated until the prophecies come true and also later where they conjure up the three apparitions. The witches are truly evil and love evil for its own self unlike Macbeth. "Spiteful and wrathful; who. as others do,/Loves for his own ends, not for you." (Act 3 scene 5 line 12-13). Throughout the play they provide the strongest impression of evil. They are continually committing mischievous deeds, such as, "Killing swine" (Act 1 scene 3 line 2), tormenting sailors and casting spells. "Macbeth" is built upon evil and sorcery. Whether it be the witches "Double, double, toil and trouble;/Fire burn and cauldron bubble." (Act

The Twilight Saga 2: New Moon PREFACE

Summary When the Cullens, including her beloved Edward, leave Forks rather than risk revealing that they are vampires, it is almost too much for eighteen-year-old Bella to bear, but she finds solace in her friend Jacob until he is drawn into a cult and changes in terrible ways For my dad, Stephen Morgan No one has ever been given more loving and unconditional support than I have been given by you. I love you, too. These violent delights have violent ends And in their triumph die, like fire and powder, Which, as they kiss, consume. Romeo and Juliet, Act II, Scene VI PREFACE I FELT LIKE I WAS TRAPPED IN ONE OF THOSE TERRIFYING nightmares, the one where you have to run, run till your lungs burst, but you can't make your body move fast enough. My legs seemed to move slower and slower as I fought my way through the callous crowd, but the hands on the huge clock tower didn't slow. With relentless, uncaring force, they turned inexorably toward the endthe end of everything. But this was no dream, and, unlike the nightmare, I wasn't running for my life; I was racing to save something infinitely more precious. My own life meant little to me today. Alice had said there was a good chance we would both die here. Perhaps the outcome would be different if she weren't trapped by the brilliant sunlight; only I was free to run across this bright, crowded square. And I couldn't run fast enough. So it didn't matter to me that we were surrounded by our extraordinarily dangerous enemies. As the clock began to toll out the hour, vibrating under the soles of my sluggish feet, I knew I was too lateand I was glad something bloodthirsty waited in the wings. For in failing at this, I forfeited any desire to live. The clock tolled again, and the sun beat down from the exact center point of the sky.

Spiritual Discernment and Vocational Counseling Essay

Spiritual Discernment and Vocational Counseling Phyllis Wilson Liberty University Abstract This paper starts with a description of how to make godly decisions through prayer, the Holy Spirit and reading biblical scriptures. It will explore spiritual discernment using the bull’s-eye method. The literature will discuss my past and present experiences of discernment, a counselor and clients experiences and my comments on my personal position of this client’s supplication. Spiritual Discernment and Vocational Counseling Segment 1: Personal Position When making career decisions that are in harmony with one’s self and with the will of God (Christian, 208) one should be praying for wisdom to make godly decisions, sensing inner†¦show more content†¦Its scriptures are used as the declaration of God’s word. The bible scriptures give clear guidance for most of one’s decision making. No one has to spend a lot of time brooding if God would be satisfied with the choice that he or she will make about career or any type of decisions. The confusion comes when one can not perceive a direction from the biblical scriptures that is God’s word (Barnes, 2010). Biblical scriptures give one strength, understanding and confirmation for most problems, decisions, faith, a repetition of history, understanding of today’s time, and predictions. The bible gives a universal standard for ethical behavior (McMinn, 1996). Horton (2009) suggests that people who support biblical und erstanding for spiritual discernment the root of their decision making should be based on biblical standards because the bible is sound, reliable and it is God’s holy word. Macdonald, (2010) suggested that the bible is a cultural work of art because it is used in storytelling, preaching, drama and visual posters. The bible tells God’s story in how he created the world, the fall, redemption and the new creation. The bible has a sequence of events, songs, proverbs, prophetic books, writing of wisdom and letters. In the bible there is a comparison between connecting scripture and constructing culture. It is able to change one’s life and one’s culture becauseShow MoreRelatedEssay on Spiritual Discernment and Career Counseling1962 Words   |  8 Pagesand utilizing those gifts is part of the decision making process in career counseling. Christians advocate the use of spiritual discernment in order to guide the decision making process. Properly interpre ting the will of God for one’s life is at the heart of each of our choices including those choices involving vocation. Personal Position Horton (2009) provides an inventory to assess one’s personal spiritual discernment approach. In taking this assessment, I found that I answered all of the statementsRead MoreCorrectional Administration Reviewer18383 Words   |  74 Pagesup with prisons concepts that; †¢ Prisoners must be segregated according to sex, age and gravity of the offense. †¢ The jailer or staff must be paid to prevent extortion to prisoners. †¢ A chaplain and medical officer must be employed to address the spiritual and medical needs of the prisoners. †¢ Prisoners should be provided with clothing and food. †¢ Liquor should be prohibited in jail. As a result of John Howard’s findings and recommendations the penitentiary act of 1779 was passed which provided an

Nature Of The Drug Store - 1008 Words

â€Å"Nature to the drug store† is an interesting phrase to describe the series of steps a drug undergoes before it is brought to the consumer. When one thinks of the nature aspect of a drug, they might think of natural sources from plants and/or animals. Although this is true, †¦ Professor Akala recalls as a student having to go to the bush to collect plants to extract them in lab. He also recalls that insulin used for diabetes was taken from pigs in his time. Now, he states, â€Å"insulin is being extracted from bacteria and being used on the consumer. â€Å" Although drugs have revolutionized throughout the past several years, natural sources seem to be a rich source of new drugs. According to Mongabay news, â€Å"around 70% of all new drugs in the United†¦show more content†¦Important factors include drug solubility, partition coefficient, dissolution, physical form and stability. For example in terms of stability, aspirin solution and aspirin suspensions are never seen as dosage forms because it is not stable in water. In order to test your drugs on human subjects, the company with the new drug is required to file with the FDA and submit an Investigational New Drug (IND) application. The FDA has 30 days to respond to your request. In the rare case that they do not respond, your company has the legal right to begin testing on human subjects. The FDA may issue a hold if they have any concerns regarding your drug. The FDA can choose to put your file on clinical hold in which an order is issued by the FDA to hold clinical trials on human subjects. There are two main types of IND’s. One type is treatment IND. This treatment protocol allows the use of an investigational drug in the treatment of patients not enrolled in the clinical study but who have a serious or immediately life threatening disease such as cancer and Parkinson’s disease, for which there is not yet a cure. The second type is IND for Orphan Drug. This protocol is under the orphan drug act of 1983. The FDA provides grants and scholarships for pharmaceutical companies to conduct clinical trials on new drugs for rare disease. These rare diseases are classified as diseases that affect fewer than 200,000 people in USA. Some diseases include AIDS and cystic fibrosis.

Managerial Skills The Basic Principles Of Management Essay

Managerial skills represent the knowledge and ability of the individual on a managerial position to fulfill some specific, activities and tasks. However, managerial competency is the basic principles of management like planning, organizing, directing, motivating and controlling. For example, the job of the supervisor is to properly instruct the employee on how to perform their work duties. Therefore, a supervisor needs a combination of managerial skills to handle a job effectively in an organization that includes conceptual, technical, human, emotional intelligence, social intelligence, systems thinking, political savvy, continuous learning, and managing diversity. Conceptual skills: justice, fairness, the difference between right and wrong, legitimacy, truth equal opportunity, and valuing and appreciating diversity are examples of human conceptualizations that is their definitions are not universally defined because they do not exist in nature as a tangible object. But are in our minds as concepts. Concepts are very important in that they form the foundation of our beliefs and values. Skills: Creative Thinking Good decision making Conduct research Observation Example: One of our director informed me that getting email all thru the day was not saving them time because they had to check email all day. So, generated a weekly schedule for emails at the campuses to receive email once a week to give them move time to manage their campus. I am effective at solving problem, IShow MoreRelatedManagement for Built Environment964 Words   |  4 PagesSubject : MANAGEMENT FOR BUILT ENVIRONMENT ââ€" ª Course : B.SC (HONS) CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT ââ€" ª Subject Code : ECM3134 ââ€" ª Subject Status : Major ââ€" ª Semester : 1 ââ€" ª Assessment : 50%=Final Examination; 50%=Coursework Lecturer Details ââ€" ª Lecturer : Jeffrey Lee Sheu Tiong ââ€" ª HP/Tel : 019 2728655 ââ€" ª E-mail Address : jeffreylee@segi.edu.my Learning Material Main Text : G Cole, â€Å"Management Theory and Practice†Read MoreWhat is Management? Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesEssay 1: What is Management? The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role and function of management in society and the workforce and to look into how it is implemented. Three main questions will be discussed, outlining, †What is management? aWhat do managers do? 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Managing People and Organization for Incidence- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManaging People and Organizationfor Personal Incidence. Answer: Being the Human Resource in One of Starbucks fast-food in Australia, I was placed in a position where I was entrusted in controlling the performances of employees in low management. For the time I was serving in that office, the line management was channeled through our departments. All the communications passed through our department. There arose some conflicts amongst workers. It started with the back office later to the back office. The conflict came as a result of motivation and compensation benefits. As a manager in Human resource, I was expected to handle that case as early as I noticed it. I was however not able to notice it on time until to some extent it led to a violence among some workers and turnover of some employees. Analysis The criteria for motivating and compensating employees is very important in holding the employees together in an organization. The methods that the organization uses to motivate good work is very important that the managers in top management positions should always take care not to break the psychological contact of the employees. For my case, I was unable to identify better ways of motivating the workers. In such a workplace, in a hotel or a restaurant, the work in the front office is very different from the tasks or the kind of duties that the people in the back office. It is as hard to gauge the performance in the back office, like how much the chef has cooked, or how the secretary has kept the records than to gauge the performance of the sales department in the front management (Baldwin and McLaren, 2016, p.138). Imbalanced levels of motivation and compensation benefits can cause employees conflict as they can consider themselves neglected and others considered. To avoid this problem, the managers need to consider equilibrium position of their workers compensation and motivation. Unplanned motivation strategies would instead demotivate the workers and result to employee turnover, internal conflicts and finally, poor performance (Cummings and Worley, 2014, p.437). Improvement Planning According to the made analysis, it shows that I made a mistake when I was making a list of promotions and compensations of the employees. I did not collect facts and a good criteria or a method that I would have used for the same. I did it so locally and informally that many of the people who were not motivated did not take it politely. In a similar situation, I would try as much as I can to avoid employees turnover, grudges and conflicts internally and externally which might be brought about my motivation and compensation benefits. Another change I would impose is on communication. It is always imperative that communication to be held key across the management lines. The lower management may be in good terms with the middle management and top management and resolve disputes and conflicts that may appear that way as soon as they arise (Wombacher and Felfe, 2016, p.93). As a human resource manager, it is my task to ensure that all the employees are treated with justice, fairness and equality. I would use it as a solution to such issues in Starbucks Restaurant, Australia. References Baldwin, M.L. and McLaren, C.F., 2016. Workers Compensation: Benefits, Coverage, and Costs. Wombacher, J. and Felfe, J., 2016. The interplay of team and organizational commitment in managing intergroup conflict in the organization. Academy of Management Journal. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014. Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Clegg, S.R., Kornberger, M. and Pitsis, T., 2015. Managing and organizations: An introduction to theory and practice. Sage.

The Origins and Development Book Essay Example

The Origins and Development Book Essay THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE This page intentionally left blank THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE S I X T H E D I T I O N John Algeo Based on the original work of Thomas Pyles  ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ± Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Japan †¢ Korea †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States The Origins and Development of the English Language: Sixth Edition John Algeo Publisher: Michael Rosenberg Development Editor: Joan Flaherty Assistant Editor: Megan Garvey Editorial Assistant: Rebekah Matthews Senior Media Editor: Cara Douglass-Graff Marketing Manager: Christina Shea Marketing Communications Manager: Beth Rodio Content Project Manager: Corinna Dibble Senior Art Director: Cate Rickard Barr Production Technology Analyst: Jamie MacLachlan Senior Print Buyer: Betsy Donaghey Rights Acquisitions Manager Text: Tim Sisler Production Service: Pre-Press PMG Rights Acquisitions Manager Image: Mandy Groszko Cover Designer: Susan Shapiro Cover Image: Kobal Collection Art Archive collection Dagli Orti Prayer with illuminated border, from c. 1480 Flemish manuscript Book of Hours of Philippe de Conrault, The Art Archive/ Bodleian Library Oxford Compositor: Pre-Press PMG  © 2010, 2005 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 We will write a custom essay sample on The Origins and Development Book specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Origins and Development Book specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Origins and Development Book specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Academic Resource Center, 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www. cengage. com/permissions. Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to [emailprotected] com Library of Congress Control Number: 2008930433 ISBN-13: 978-1-4282-3145-0 ISBN-10: 1-4282-3145-5 Wadsworth 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit www. cengage. com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www. ichapters. com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09 Preface The Origins and Development of the English Language, Sixth Edition, continues to focus on the facts of language rather than on any of the various contemporary theoretical approaches to the study of those facts. The presentation is that of fairly traditional grammar and philology, so as not to require students to master a new theoretical approach at the same time they are exploring the intricacies of language history. The focus of the book is on the internal history of the English language: its sounds, grammar, and word stock. That linguistic history is, however, set against the social and cultural background of the changing times. The first three chapters are introductory, treating language in general as well as the pronunciation and orthography of present-day English. The succeeding central six chapters are the heart of the book, tracing the history of the language from prehistoric Indo-European days through Old English, Middle English, and early Modern English up to the present time. The final three chapters deal with vocabulary—the meaning, making, and borrowing of words. This sixth edition of a book Thomas Pyles wrote some forty-five years ago preserves the outline, emphasis, and aims of the original, as all earlier editions have. The entire book has, however, been revised for helpfulness to students and ease of reading. The major improvements of the fifth edition have been retained. A large number of fresh changes have also been made, especially to make the presentation easier to follow. The historical information has been updated in response to evolving scholarship, new examples have been added (although effective older ones have been kept), the bibliography has been revised (including some new electronic resources in addition to print media), and the glossary has been revised for clarity and accuracy. The prose style throughout has been made more contemporary and accessible. The author hopes that such changes will help to make the book more useful for students and instructors alike. v All of the debts acknowledged in earlier editions are still gratefully acknowledged for this one. This edition has especially benefited from the critiques of the following reviewers, whose very helpful suggestions have been followed wherever feasible. James E. Doan, Nova Southeastern University Mark Alan Vinson, Crichton College Jay Ruud, University of Central Arkansas Elena Tapia, Eastern Connecticut State University J. Mark Baggett, Samford University My former doctoral student and now an admired teacher and Scholar-in-Residence at Shorter College, Carmen Acevedo Butcher, made a major contribution by suggesting improvements in the style and accuracy of the work, by providing new references for the bibliography (including electronic sources), and by reviewing the entire manuscript. My wife, Adele S. Algeo, who works with me on everything I do, has assisted at every step of the revision. Her editorial eye is nonpareil, and her support makes all work possible—and a pleasure. John Algeo vi PREFACE Contents PREFACE v chapter 1 Language and the English Language: An Introduction 1 A Definition of Language 2 Language as System 2 Grammatical Signals 3 Language as Signs 5 Language as Vocal 6 Writing and Speech 6 Gestures and Speech 8 Language as Conventional 8 Language Change 10 The Notion of Linguistic Corruption 10 Language Variation 11 Correctness and Acceptability 12 Language as Human 13 Theories of the Origin of Language 13 Innate Language Ability 14 Do Birds and Beasts Really Talk? 14 Language as Communication 15 Other Characteristics of Language 16 Why Study the History of English? 17 For Further Reading 18 vii chapter 2 The Sounds of Current English 20 The Organs of Speech 20 Consonants of Current English 21 Vowels of Current English 25 Vowels before [r] 28 Stress 28 Unstressed Vowels 29 Kinds of Sound Change 29 Assimilation: Sounds Become More Alike 29 Dissimilation: Sounds Become Less Alike 30 Elision: Sounds Are Omitted 30 Intrusion: Sounds Are Added 31 Metathesis: Sounds Are Reordered 31 Causes of Sound Change 31 The Phoneme 32 Differing Transcriptions 33 For Further Reading 34 chapter 3 Letters and Sounds: A Brief History of Writing 35 Ideographic and Syllabic Writing 35 From Semitic Writing to the Greek Alphabet 36 The Greek Vowel and Consonant Symbols 36 The Romans Adopt the Greek Alphabet 37 Later Developments of the Roman and Greek Alphabets 38 The Use of Digraphs 39 Additional Symbols 39 The History of English Writing 40 The Germanic Runes 40 The Anglo-Saxon Roman Alphabet 40 The Spelling of English Consonant Sounds 41 Stops 42 Fricatives 42 Affricates 43 Nasals 43 Liquids 43 Semivowels 43 The Spelling of English Vowel Sounds 43 Front Vowels 43 Central Vowel 44 Back Vowels 44 Diphthongs 45 Vowels plus [r] 45 viii CONTENTS Unstressed Vowels 45 Spelling Pronunciations and Pronunciation Spellings 46 Writing and History 47 For Further Reading 48 chapter 4 The Backgrounds of English 49 Indo-European Origins 50 Indo-European Culture 50 The Indo-European Homeland 50 How Indo-European Was Discovered 51 Language Typology and Language Families 52 Non-Indo-European Languages 53 Main Divisions of the Indo-European Group 55 Indo-Iranian 55 Armenian and Albanian 58 Tocharian 58 Anatolian 59 Balto-Slavic 59 Hellenic 60 Italic 60 Celtic 61 Germanic 62 Cognate Words in the Indo-European Languages 63 Inflection in the Indo-European Languages 64 Some Verb Inflections 65 Some Noun Inflections 66 Word Order in the Indo-European Languages 67 Major Changes From Indo-European to Germanic 69 First Sound Shift 71 Grimm’s Law 71 Verner’s Law 73 The Sequence of the First Sound Shift 74 West Germanic Languages 74 For Further Reading 76 chapter 5 The Old English Period (449–1100) 78 Some Key Events in the Old English Period 78 History of the Anglo-Saxons 79 Britain before the English 79 The Coming of the English 79 The English in Britain 81 CONTENTS ix The First Viking Conquest 82 The Second Viking Conquest 83 The Scandinavians Become English 84 The Golden Age of Old English 84 Dialects of Old English 85 Pronunciation and Spelling 86 Vowels 86 Consonants 87 Handwriting 89 Stress 90 Vocabulary 90 The Germanic Word Stock 90 Gender in Old English 91 Grammar, Concord, and Inflection 92 Inflection 92 Nouns 93 i-Umlaut 95 Modern Survivals of Case and Number 96 Modifiers 96 Demonstratives 96 Adjectives 97 Adverbs 98 Pronouns 99 Personal Pronouns 99 Interrogative and Relative Pronouns 100 Verbs 101 Indicative Forms of Verbs 102 Subjunctive and Imperative Forms 102 Nonfinite Forms 102 Weak Verbs 103 Strong Verbs 103 Preterit-Present Verbs 104 Suppletive Verbs 105 Syntax 105 Old English Illustrated 108 For Further Reading 111 chapter 6 The Middle English Period (1100–1500) 112 Some Key Events in the Middle English Period 112 The Background of the Norman Conquest 113 The Reascendancy of English 114 Foreign Influences on Vocabulary 115 Middle English Spelling 116 x CONTENTS Consonants 116 Vowels 118 The Rise of a London Standard 119 Changes in Pronunciation 122 Principal Consonant Changes 122 Middle English Vowels 123 Changes in Diphthongs 124 Lengthening and Shortening of Vowels 126 Leveling of Unstressed Vowels 127 Loss of Schwa in Final Syllables 127 Changes in Grammar 128 Reduction of Inflections 128 Loss of Grammatical Gender 129 Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives 129 The Inflection of Nouns 129 Personal Pronouns 130 Demonstrative Pronouns 132 Interrogative and Relative Pronouns 133 Comparative and Superlative Adjectives 133 Verbs 133 Personal Endings 134 Participles 135 Word Order 135 Middle English Illustrated 136 For Further Reading 138 chapter 7 The Early Modern English Period (1500–1800): Society, Spellings, and Sounds 139 Some Key Events in the Early Modern Period 139 The Transition from Middle to Modern English 140 Expansion of the English Vocabulary 140 Innovation of Pronunciation and Conservation of Spelling 141 The Orthography of Early Modern English 141 The Great Vowel Shift 144 Other Vowels 147 Stressed Short Vowels 147 Diphthongs 148 Quantitative Vowel Changes 149 Early Modern English Consonants 149 Evidence for Early Modern Pronunciation 151 Stress 151 Scholarly Studies 151 CONTENTS xi Early Modern English Illustrated 152 Spelling 152 Pronunciation 153 For Further Reading 155 chapter 8 The Early Modern English Period (1500–1800): Forms, Syntax, and Usage 156 The Study of Language 157 Early Dictionaries 157 Eighteenth-Century Attitudes toward Grammar and Usage 158 Nouns 160 Irregular Plurals 161 His-Genitive 161 Group Genitive 162 Uninflected Genitive 163 Adjectives and Adverbs 163 Pronouns 164 Personal Pronouns 164 Relative and Interrogative Pronouns 168 Case Forms of the Pronouns 169 Verbs 170 Classes of Strong Verbs 170 Endings for Person and Number 176 Contracted Forms 177 Expanded Verb Forms 178 Other Verbal Constructions 179 Prepositions 179 Early Modern English Further Illustrated 180 chapter 9 Late Modern English (1800–Present) 181 Some Key Events in the Late Modern Period 181 The National Varieties of English 182 Conservatism and Innovation in American English 183 National Differences in Word Choice 185 American Infiltration of the British Word Stock 186 Syntactical and Morphological Differences 187 British and American Purism 188 Dictionaries and the Facts 189 National Differences in Pronunciation 190 British and American Spelling 193 Variation within National Varieties 194 xii CONTENTS Kinds of Variation 194 Regional Dialects 195 Ethnic and Social Dialects 196 Stylistic Variation 198 Variation within British English 198 World English 199 Irish English 199 Indian English 201 The Essential Oneness of All English 202 For Further Reading 202 chapter 10 Words and Meanings 206 Semantics and Change of Meaning 207 Variable and Vague Meanings 208 Etymology and Meaning 208 How Meaning Changes 209 Generalization and Specialization 210 Transfer of Meaning 211 Association of Ideas 212 Transfer from Other Languages 212 Sound Associations 213 Pejoration and Amelioration 213 Taboo and Euphemism 214 The Fate of Intensifying Words 217 Some Circumstances of Semantic Change 218 Vogue for Words of Learned Origin 219 Language and Semantic Marking 220 Semantic Change is Inevitable 222 For Further Reading 223 chapter 11 New Words from Old 224 Creating Words 224 Root Creations 224 Echoic Words 225 Ejaculations 225 Combining Words: Compounding 227 Spelling and Pronunciation of Compounds 227 Amalgamated Compounds 229 Function and Form of Compounds 230 Combining Word Parts: Affixing 230 Affixes from Old English 230 Affixes from Other Languages 232 CONTENTS xiii Voguish Affixes 233 Shortening Words 235 Clipped Forms 235 Initialisms: Alphabetisms and Acronyms 236 Apheretic and Aphetic Forms 237 Back-Formations 238 Blending Words 239 New Morphemes from Blending 239 Folk Etymology 241 Shifting Words to New Uses 242 One Part of Speech to Another 242 Common Words from Proper Names 243 Sources of New Words 245 Distribution of New Words 245 For Further Reading 246 chapter 12 Foreign Elements in the English Word Stock 247 Popular and Learned Loanwords 248 Latin and Greek Loanwords 248 Latin Influence in the Germanic Period 248 Latin Words in Old English 249 Latin Words Borrowed in Middle English Times 250 Latin Words Borrowed in Modern English Times 251 Greek Loanwords 251 Celtic Loanwords 252 Scandinavian Loanwords 253 Old and Middle English Borrowings 253 Modern English Borrowings 254 French Loanwords 254 Middle English Borrowings 254 Later French Loanwords 256 Spanish and Portuguese Loanwords 258 Italian Loanwords 259 Germanic Loanwords 260 Loanwords from Low German 260 Loanwords from High German 261 Loanwords from the East 262 Near East 262 Iran and India 263 Far East and Australasia 264 Other Sources 265 Loanwords from African Languages 265 Slavic, Hungarian, Turkish, and American Indian 266 xiv CONTENTS The Sources of Recent Loanwords 266 English Remains English 267 For Further Reading 268 Selected Bibliography 269 Glossary 281 Index of Modern English Words and Affixes 301 Index of Persons, Places, and Topics 329 CONTENTS xv This page intentionally left blank CHAPTER  ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ± Language and the 1 English Language An Introduction The English language has had a remarkable history. When we first catch sight of it in historical records, it is the speech of some none-too-civilized tribes on the continent of Europe along the North Sea. Of course, it had a still earlier history, going back perhaps to somewhere in eastern Europe or western Asia, and long before that to origins we can only speculate about. From those murky and undistinguished beginnings, English has become the most widespread language in the world, used by more peoples for more purposes than any other language on Earth. How the English language changed from being the speech of a few small tribes to becoming the major language of the Earth—and in the process itself changed radically— is the subject of this book. Whatever language we speak—English, Chinese, Hindi, Swahili, or Arapaho— helps to define us personally and identify the community we belong to. But the fact that we can talk at all, the fact that we have a language, is inextricably bound up with our humanity. To be human is to use language, and to talk is to be a person. As the biologist and author Lewis Thomas wrote: The gift of language is the single human trait that marks us all genetically, setting us apart from the rest of life. Language is, like nest-building or hive-making, the universal and biologically specific activity of human beings. We engage in it communally, compulsively, and automatically. We cannot be human without it; if we were to be separated from it our minds would die, as surely as bees lost from the hive. (Lives of a Cell 89) The language gift that is innate in us is not English or indeed any specific language. It is instead the ability to learn and to use a human language. When we say, â€Å"Bread is the staff of life,† we do not mean any particular kind of bread— whole wheat, rye, pumpernickel, French, matzo, pita, or whatever sort. We are talking instead about the kind of thing bread is, what all bread has in common. So also, when we say that language is the basis of our humanity, we do not mean any particular language—English, Spanish, Japanese, Tagalog, Hopi, or ASL (American Sign Language of the deaf). Rather we mean the ability to learn and 1 use any such particular language system, an ability that all human beings naturally have. This ability is language in the abstract, as distinct from any individual language system. A DEFINITION OF LANGUAGE A language is a system of conventional vocal signs by means of which human beings communicate. This definition has several important terms, each of which is examined in some detail in the following sections. Those terms are system, signs, vocal, conventional, human, and communicate. LANGUAGE AS SYSTEM Perhaps the most important word in the definition of language is system. We speak in patterns. A language is not just a collection of words, such as we find in a dictionary. It is also the rules or patterns that relate our words to one another. Every language has two levels to its system—a characteristic that is called duality of patterning. One of these levels consists of meaningful units—for example, the words and word parts such as Adam, like, -d, apple, and -s in the sentence â€Å"Adam liked apples. The other level consists of units that have no meaning in themselves, although they serve as components of the meaningful units—for example, the sounds represented by the letters a, d, and m in the word Adam. The distinction between a meaningful word (Adam) and its meaningless parts (a, d, and m) is important. Without that distinction, language as we know it would be i mpossible. If every meaning had to be represented by a unique, unanalyzable sound, only a few such meanings could be expressed. We have only about 35 basic sounds in English; we have hundreds of thousands of words. Duality of patterning lets us build an immensely large number of meaningful words out of only a handful of meaningless sounds. It is perhaps the chief characteristic that distinguishes true human language from the simpler communication systems of all nonhuman animals. The meaningless components of a language are its sound system, or phonology. The meaningful units are its lexis, or vocabulary, and its grammatical system, or morphosyntax. All have patterning. Thus, according to the sound system of Modern English, the consonant combination mb never occurs at the beginning or at the end of any word. As a matter of fact, it did occur in final position in earlier stages of our language, which is why it was necessary in the preceding statement to specify â€Å"Modern English. † Despite the complete absence of the sounds mb at the ends of English words for at least 600 years, we still insist on writing—such is the conservatism of writing habits—the b in lamb, climb, tomb, dumb, and a number of other words. But this same combination, which now occurs only medially in English (as in tremble), may well occur finally or even initially in other languages. Initial mb is indeed a part of the systems of certain African languages, as in Efik and Ibibio mbakara ‘white man,’ which became buckra in the speech of the Gullahs—black Americans living along the coastal region of Georgia and South Carolina who have preserved a number of words and structural features that their ancestors brought from Africa. It is notable that the Gullahs simplified the initial 2 chapter 1 consonant combination of this African word to conform to the pattern of English speech. The lexis or vocabulary of a language is its least systematic aspect. Grammar is sometimes defined as everything in a language that can be stated in general rules, and lexis as everything that is unpredictable. But that is not quite true. Certain combinations of words, called collocations, are more or less predictable. Mild and gentle are words of very similar meaning, but they go with different nouns: â€Å"mild weather† and â€Å"gentle breeze† are somewhat more likely than the opposite combinations (â€Å"mild breeze† and â€Å"gentle weather†). A case of the flu may be severe or mild; a judgment is likely to be severe or lenient. A â€Å"mild judgment† would be a bit odd, and a â€Å"lenient case of the flu† sounds like a joke. Some collocations are so regular that they are easily predictable. In the following sentence, one word is more probable than any other in the blank: â€Å"In its narrow cage, the lion paced back and . † Although several words are possible in the blank (for example, forward or even ahead), forth is the most likely. Some combinations are completely predictable: â€Å"They ran fro. † Fro is normal in present-day English only in the expression â€Å"to and fro. † The tendency of certain words to collocate or go together is an instance of system in the vocabulary. In the grammatical system of English, a very large number of words take a suffix written as -s to indicate plurality or possession. In the latter case, it is a comparatively recent convention of writing to add an apostrophe. Words that can be thus modified are nouns. They fit into certain patterns in English utterances. Alcoholic, for instance, fits into the system of English in the same way as duck, dog, and horse: â€Å"Alcoholics need understanding† (compare â€Å"Ducks need water†), â€Å"An alcoholic’s perceptions are faulty† (compare â€Å"A dog’s perceptions are keen†), and the like. But that word can also modify a noun and be modified by an adverb: â€Å"an alcoholic drink,† â€Å"somewhat alcoholic,† and the like; and words that operate in the latter way are called adjectives. Alcoholic is thus either an adjective or a noun, depending on the way it functions in the system of English. The utterance â€Å"Alcoholic worries† is ambiguous because our system, like all linguistic systems, is not completely foolproof. It might be either a noun followed by a verb (in a newspaper headline) or an adjective followed by a noun. To know which interpretation is correct, we need a context for the expression. That is, we need to relate it to a larger structure. Grammatical Signals The grammatical system of any language has various techniques for relating words to one another within the structure of a sentence. The following kinds of signals are especially important. †¢ Parts of speech are grammatical categories into which we can classify words. The four major ones are noun, verb, adjective, and adverb. Some words elong primarily or solely to one part of speech: child is a noun, seek is a verb, tall is an adjective, and rapidly is an adverb. Other words can function as more than one part of speech; in various meanings, last can be any of the four major parts. English speakers move words about pretty freely from one part of speech to another, as when we call a book that is enjoyable to read â€Å"a good read,† language and the english language 3 making a noun out of a verb. Part of knowing English is knowing how words can be shifted in that way and what the limits are to such shifting. Affixes are one or more added sounds or letters that change a word’s meaning and sometimes alter its part of speech. When an affix comes at the front of a word, it is a prefix, such as the en- in encipher, enrage, enthrone, entomb, entwine, and enwrap, which marks those words as verbs. When an affix comes at the back of a word, it is a suffix, such as the -ist in dentist, geologist, motorist, and violinist, which marks those words as nouns. English has a small number of inflectional suffixes (endings that mark distinctions of number, case, person, tense, mood, and comparison). They include the plural -s and the possessive ’s used with nouns (boys, boy’s); the third person singular present tense -s, the past tense and past participle -ed, and the present participle -ing used with verbs (aids, aided, aiding); and the comparative -er and superlative -est used with some adjectives and adverbs (slower, slowest). Inflection (the change in form of a word to mark such distinctions) may also involve internal change, as in the singular and plural noun forms man and men or the present and past verb forms sing and sang. A language that depends heavily on the use of inflections, either internal or affixed, is said to be synthetic; English used to be far more synthetic than it now is. †¢ Concord, or agreement, is an interconnection between words, especially marked by their inflections. Thus, â€Å"The bird sings† and â€Å"The birds sing† illustrate subject-verb concord. (It is just a coincidence that the singular ending of some verbs is identical in form with the plural ending of some nouns. Similarly, in â€Å"this day† both words are singular, and in â€Å"these days† both are plural; some languages, such as Spanish, require that all modifiers agree with the nouns they modify in number, but in English only this and that change their form to show such agreement. Highly synthetic languages, such as Latin, usually have a great deal of concord; thus Latin adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in number (bonus vir ‘good man,’ boni viri ‘good menà ¢â‚¬â„¢), in gender (bona femina ‘good woman’), and in case (bonae feminae ‘good woman’s’). English once used concord more than it now does. †¢ Word order is a grammatical signal in all languages, though some languages, like English, depend more heavily on it than others do. â€Å"The man finished the job† and â€Å"The job finished the man† are sharply different in meaning, as are â€Å"He died happily† and â€Å"Happily he died. † †¢ Function words are minor parts of speech (for example, articles, auxiliaries, conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns, and certain adverbial particles) that serve as grammatical signals used with word order to serve some of the same functions as inflections. For example, in English the indirect object of a verb can be shown by either word order (â€Å"I gave the dog a bone†) or a function word (â€Å"I gave a bone to the dog†); in Latin it is shown by inflection (canis ‘the dog,’ Cani os dedi ‘To-the-dog a-bone I-gave’). A language like English whose grammar depends heavily on the use of word order and function words is said to be analytic. †¢ Prosodic signals, such as pitch, stress, and tempo, can indicate grammatical meaning. The difference between the statement â€Å"He’s here† and the question 4 chapter 1 â€Å"He’s here? † is the pitch used at the end of the sentence. The chief difference between the verb conduct and the noun conduct is that the verb has a stronger stress on its second syllable and the noun on its first syllable. In â€Å"He died happily† and â€Å"He died, happily,† the tempo of the last two words makes an important difference of meaning. All languages have these kinds of grammatical signals available to them, but languages differ greatly in the use they make of the various signals. And even a single language may change its use over time, as English has. LANGUAGE AS SIGNS In language, signs are what the system organizes. A sign is something that stands for something else—for example, a word like apple, which stands for the familiar fruit. But linguistic signs are not words alone; they may also be either smaller or larger than whole words. The smallest linguistic sign is the morpheme, a meaningful form that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. The word apple is a single morpheme; applejack consists of two morphemes, each of which can also function independently as a word. Apples also has two morphemes, but one (-s) can occur only as part of a word. Morphemes that can be used alone as words (such as apple and jack) are called free morphemes. Those that must be combined with other morphemes to make a word (such as -s) are bound morphemes. The word reactivation has five morphemes in it (one free and four bound), as a stepby- step analysis shows: re-activation activate-ion active-ate act-ive Thus reactivation has one free morpheme (act) and four bound morphemes (re-, -ive, -ate, and -ion). A word cannot be divided into morphemes just by sounding out its syllables. Some morphemes, like apple, have more than one syllable; others, like -s, are less than a syllable. A morpheme is a form (a sequence of sounds) with a recognizable meaning. Knowing a word’s early history, or etymology, may be useful in dividing it into morphemes, but the decisive factor is the form-meaning link. A morpheme may, however, have more than one pronunciation or spelling. For example, the regular noun plural ending has two spellings (-s and -es) and three pronunciations (an s-sound as in backs, a z-sound as in bags, and a vowel plus z-sound as in batches). Each spoken variation is called an allomorph of the plural morpheme. Similarly, when the morpheme -ate is followed by -ion (as in activateion), the t of -ate combines with the i of -ion as the sound â€Å"sh† (so we might spell the word â€Å"activashon†). Such allomorphic variation is typical of the morphemes of English, even though the spelling does not represent it. Morphemes can also be classified as base morphemes and affixes. An affix is a bound morpheme that is added to a base morpheme, either a prefix (such as re-) or a suffix (such as -s, -ive, -ate, and -ion). Most base morphemes are free (such as language and the english language 5 apple and act), but some are bound (such as the insul- of insulate). A word that has two or more bases (such as applejack) is called a compound. A linguistic sign may be word-sized or smaller—a free or a bound morpheme. But it may also be larger than a word. An idiom is a combination of words whose meaning cannot be predicted from its constituent parts. One kind of idiom is the combination of a verb with an adverb, a preposition, or both—for instance, turn on (a light), call up (on the telephone), take over (a business), ask for (a job), come down with (an illness), and go back on (a promise). Such an expression is a single semantic unit: to go back on is to ‘abandon’ a promise. But from the standpoint of grammar, several independent words are involved. LANGUAGE AS VOCAL Language is a system that can be expressed in many ways—by the marks on paper or a computer screen that we call writing, by hand signals and gestures as in sign language, by colored lights or moving flags as in semaphore, and by electronic clicks as in old-fashioned telegraphy. However, the signs of language—its words and morphemes—are basically vocal, or oral-aural, being